Map

Sequence

Protein Sequence

MFSPTAMVGRALAQAVTQTLRPAVTKAATQAGMAASGMRFTPMQSNLMINHGKLTTQLLQAVAKQTGSSD
TQQWFKQEQITFLSRAVNKTVDDYCMSNNSAISKETKCRIFKEVESAIQQPLDMNCAQSSISHFLQSNKY
FNQKVDEQCGKGVDPITRFNTQTKLIEQVSREIFEQNFSTAKISDIKALTEKAIADNVQDTRL

Gene Sequence

ATGTTTAGTCCAACGGCAATGGTAGGTAGAGCGTTAGCTCAGGCGGTTACACAAACTCTTAGACCCGCTG
TAACCAAGGCTGCGACGCAAGCGGGCATGGCAGCCAGTGGTATGAGGTTCACACCTATGCAGTCGAACCT
TATGATTAATCATGGCAAACTGACTACCCAGCTACTACAGGCCGTAGCCAAACAAACTGGTAGTAGTGAT
ACCCAGCAATGGTTCAAGCAAGAGCAGATTACTTTTCTATCCAGAGCAGTAAACAAAACTGTGGATGACT
ATTGCATGAGTAATAATTCGGCAATTAGTAAGGAGACTAAATGTCGCATTTTTAAAGAGGTTGAAAGCGC
GATACAACAGCCTCTCGATATGAACTGTGCACAATCATCAATTAGTCACTTTTTGCAATCCAATAAATAC
TTTAATCAGAAAGTTGATGAGCAGTGTGGTAAAGGAGTGGATCCCATTACACGTTTTAACACTCAAACCA
AATTGATAGAACAAGTCTCACGCGAAATCTTTGAACAGAATTTTAGCACCGCGAAAATCAGTGATATCAA
GGCTCTAACTGAGAAGGCGATTGCAGACAATGTGCAGGATACTCGGCTGTAG

Domains & Motifs

• WxxxE motif
• C-terminal PDZ class I binding motif (-TRL)
• N-terminal mitochondrial targeting sequence
• GEF domain
• Catalytic motif (D/P/E)-X3-AQ  
• Resembles Salmonella SopE (structural)

Functional Summary

Located in the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) pathogenicity island (EPEC, EHEC and Citrobacter strains). Highly conserved effector protein in EPEC and EHEC strains. Multi-functional protein, disrupting host mitochondria and the actin cytoskeleton. Mimics host GEFs, acting on Cdc42 leading to actin polymerisation. Demonstrated to cooperate with additional effectors to modulate host cell activities.

Effector References

• Mandal et al. (2025). Enteropathogenic E. coli effector Map interacts with Rab13 and regulates the depletion of the tight junction proteins occludin and claudins via cathepsin B-mediated mechanisms. PMID:39912222
• Shtuhin-Rahav et al. (2023). EnteropathogenicE. coliinfection co-elicits lysosomal exocytosis and lytic host cell death. PMID:38038448
• Anandachar et al. (2023). Diverse gut pathogens exploit the host engulfment pathway via a conserved mechanism. PMID:37890785
• Li et al. (2022). Map, but not EspF, induces breast epithelial cell apoptosis through ERK/DRP-1 pathway. PMID:35183820
• Ramachandran et al. (2020). Mitochondrial Targeting of the Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Map Triggers Calcium Mobilization, ADAM10-MAP Kinase Signaling, and Host Cell Apoptosis. PMID:32934081
• Kassa et al. (2019). Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli remodels host endosomes to promote endocytic turnover and breakdown of surface polarity. PMID:31242273
• Singh et al. (2018). Enteropathogenic E. coli effectors EspF and Map independently disrupt tight junctions through distinct mechanisms involving transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation. PMID:29487356
• Singh et al. (2015). Generation of a MDCK cell line with constitutive expression of the Enteropathogenic E. coli effector protein Map as an in vitro model of pathogenesis. PMID:26430918
• Nguyen et al. (2015). Expression of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli map is significantly different than that of other type III secreted effectors in vivo. PMID:25312947
• Martinez et al. (2010). Binding to Na(+) /H(+) exchanger regulatory factor 2 (NHERF2) affects trafficking and function of the enteropathogenic Escherichia coli type III secretion system effectors Map, EspI and NleH. PMID:20618342
• Bulgin et al. (2010). Bacterial guanine nucleotide exchange factors SopE-like and WxxxE effectors. PMID:20123714
• Berger et al. (2009). The mechanisms used by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to control filopodia dynamics. PMID:19046338
• Simpson et al. (2006). The enteropathogenic Escherichia coli type III secretion system effector Map binds EBP50/NHERF1: implication for cell signalling and diarrhoea. PMID:16573685
• Papatheodorou et al. (2006). The enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) Map effector is imported into the mitochondrial matrix by the TOM/Hsp70 system and alters organelle morphology. PMID:16548893
• Ma et al. (2006). Citrobacter rodentium infection causes both mitochondrial dysfunction and intestinal epithelial barrier disruption in vivo: role of mitochondrial associated protein (Map). PMID:16759225
• Dean et al. (2006). Potent diarrheagenic mechanism mediated by the cooperative action of three enteropathogenic Escherichia coli-injected effector proteins. PMID:16446436
• Alto et al. (2006). Identification of a bacterial type III effector family with G protein mimicry functions. PMID:16413487
• Shaw et al. (2005). Interaction of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli with human intestinal mucosa: role of effector proteins in brush border remodeling and formation of attaching and effacing lesions. PMID:15664974
• Rodríguez-Escudero et al. (2005). Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli type III effectors alter cytoskeletal function and signalling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PMID:16151205
• Dean et al. (2004). Intestinal barrier dysfunction by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli is mediated by two effector molecules and a bacterial surface protein. PMID:15491358
• Jepson et al. (2003). Synergistic roles for the Map and Tir effector molecules in mediating uptake of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) into non-phagocytic cells. PMID:14531893
• Creasey et al. (2003). CesT is a bivalent enteropathogenic Escherichia coli chaperone required for translocation of both Tir and Map. PMID:12492865
• Kenny et al. (2002). Co-ordinate regulation of distinct host cell signalling pathways by multifunctional enteropathogenic Escherichia coli effector molecules. PMID:12046591
• Kenny et al. (2000). Targeting of an enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) effector protein to host mitochondria. PMID:11207610